Most Bitcoin Still Belongs to Individuals, but Institutions Are Catching Up: Research
River’s research estimates BTC ownership at 65.9% for individuals, 7.8% for funds, 6.2% for businesses and 1.5% for governments. About 7.6% is believed to be lost.
Updated Aug 30, 2025, 7:35 p.m. Published Aug 30, 2025, 5:04 p.m.
River says individuals still own the majority of bitcoin.
The U.S.-based bitcoin financial services firm revealed ownership distribution research dated Aug. 25 in a recent post on X. The study groups bitcoin supply into a few categories and shows the market share of each, using public filings, custodial address tagging and earlier blockchain research.
River estimates individuals control about 65.9% of circulating BTC, or 13.83 million coins. This bucket includes self-custodied wallets and exchange accounts that River classifies as individual.
On the institutional side, River divides holdings into businesses, ETFs and funds.
- Businesses — a global category covering corporate treasuries and conventional firms that report bitcoin holdings — account for about 6.2% of supply, or 1.30 million BTC.
- ETFs and funds — spot ETFs and investment vehicles that custody coins for clients — control about 7.8%, or 1.63 million BTC.
Governments are shown at about 1.5%, or 306,000 BTC, based on sovereign addresses tracked from public sources.
Two special categories round out the distribution:
- Lost bitcoin makes up about 7.6%, or 1.58 million BTC. River says this is inferred from age heuristics, which show coins that have not moved for many years and are likely unrecoverable.
- Satoshi/Patoshi holdings are pegged at about 4.6%, or 968,000 BTC, based on earlier research into early-era mining patterns.
Finally, about 5.2% of the supply, or 1.09 million BTC, has yet to be mined before the hard cap of 21 million is reached.
In plain terms, River’s research is an attempt to map who holds bitcoin today, not to forecast future prices. The estimates are not definitive, since custodians aggregate many clients, some wallets are misclassified, and ownership can be opaque.
River’s conclusion is that individuals still dominate holdings, but the institutional share is expanding, helped by the growth of ETFs and companies that now treat bitcoin as a balance-sheet asset.
AI Disclaimer: Parts of this article were generated with the assistance from AI tools and reviewed by our editorial team to ensure accuracy and adherence to our standards. For more information, see CoinDesk’s full AI Policy.
More For You
Yen-Backed Stablecoin Can’t Come at a Better Time as BOJ Seen Raising Rates
Top bankers and economists expect the BOJ to hike rates in the fourth quarter, boosting the appeal of yen and yen-backed assets.
What to know:
- Japan is set to launch a blockchain-based version of the yen, with the Financial Services Agency likely to approve the first yen-denominated stablecoin this fall.
- The Bank of Japan is expected to raise interest rates soon, which could increase the appeal of yen-backed assets and stablecoins.
- Rising Japanese government bond yields and a strengthening yen are impacting the BTC/JPY exchange rate, which has dropped 8% this month.
tm3c4y